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THE THROWAWAY-REPO DEMO

Two minutes in a scratch repo, and the difference is not a definition any more — it's a log you've seen:

git init /tmp/revert-vs-reset && cd /tmp/revert-vs-reset
echo one > file.txt && git add . && git commit -m "one"
echo two > file.txt && git add . && git commit -m "two"

git revert --no-edit HEAD
git log --oneline
# 1a2b3c4 (HEAD -> main) Revert "two"   ← the cancellation
# 5d6e7f8 two                          ← still in the log
# 9f8e7d6 one

git reset --hard HEAD~1
git log --oneline
# 9f8e7d6 one                          ← "two" is unreachable

verify: after the revert git log --oneline → 3 commits · after the reset → 1 commit — the asymmetry is the whole answer

THE THREE RESET MODES

The modes control where your changes survive after the pointer moves — and only one row of this table deletes work:

• git reset --soft HEAD~1 — "I committed too early." Everything goes back to staged, ready to recommit.
• git reset HEAD~1 (mixed) — "I staged the wrong files." Edits survive in the working tree, nothing staged. Pair it with a clean when you also want stray files gone.
• git reset --hard HEAD~1 — "This commit and my uncommitted edits are garbage." Git will not ask twice; there is no undo for the working-tree part unless you stashed or committed it first.

verify: git reset --soft HEAD~1 → git status shows the change "to be committed" · --mixed → "changes not staged"

revert has no modes because it never destroys anything — it only ever adds a compensating commit.

THE ONE QUESTION

Has anyone else pulled this commit? If yes, reset is off the table. Resetting a branch others have based work on rewrites shared history: their next pull meets divergent branches, and the "fix" is usually a force-push that turns your mistake into everyone's problem. Revert appends a normal commit, so a plain git pull merges cleanly for everyone — that's why revert is the default answer on main and on GitHub pull requests, where the "Revert" button exists precisely because rewriting a merged PR's history is not an option.

Reset is for the window before sharing: the commit from thirty seconds ago, the staging mistake, the local experiment branch. If the only copy of the work lives on your machine, you are free to rearrange history — that is the entire point of the pre-push window. Middle case: you pushed to your own feature branch and nobody builds on it — a force-push after reset is socially acceptable there, but revert still costs less coordination. Reserve force-pushes for branches you own alone.

Revert is also safer structurally, not just by convention: the revert produces an ordinary commit — CI runs on it, the diff is reviewable, and git log explains to future-you why the change disappeared. Reset silently discards the intermediate state; nobody reviewing later can see what was undone or when.

TWO SHARP EDGES ON REVERT

• Reverting a merge commit needs git revert -m 1 <sha> — a merge has two parents, so "undo it" is ambiguous; -m 1 keeps the line you merged into. Without it, git refuses. Follow-up trap: re-merging the same branch afterwards looks already-applied to git, so re-landing that work means reverting the revert.
• Revert is not a time machine — it undoes one commit's diff. If later commits touched the same lines, you may resolve conflicts: git telling you the undo is entangled, which is useful information, not a malfunction.

WHERE RESTORE FITS

git restore (and git switch, its pair) arrived in git 2.23 to take over jobs reset was doing badly by name overload:

The modern split: restore fixes files, reset moves branches, revert undoes published commits. They are one mental model split across three commands. The old git checkout forms still work everywhere; the new forms just stop you from sending a whole branch to the shredder when you meant to unstage one file.

THE RECAP

1. Commit is public (pushed, others pulled) → git revert <sha>.
2. Commit is local-only, want to redo it → git reset --soft or --mixed and recommit.
3. Local-only, want it gone with the uncommitted mess → git reset --hard, after one honest look at what else the working tree holds.
4. One file got mangled → git restore <file> and leave the branch alone.

verify: git reflog → HEAD@{n} lists the pre-reset position — git reset --hard HEAD@{1} walks it back

The only genuinely dangerous entry in that list is --hard — everything else can be talked back with git reflog — which remembers the detached commits for ~90 days. The permanent losses in git are narrow and mostly require you to type it explicitly; the habit worth building is pausing half a second before --hard, not avoiding git's sharp tools altogether. And if the whole undo menu feels like ceremony, that's a fair criticism — jujutsu, the git-compatible VCS, redesigns exactly this part.

end of the undo pair · nothing fetched · everything local